ABSTRACT
Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação entre fatores socioeconômicos e o excesso de peso em escolares da rede pública do município de Carapicuíba (SP, Brasil). Material e Métodos: Foram incluídas 355 crianças (176 de cinco anos e 179 de 12 anos), selecionadas por amostragem aleatória simples, para a coleta das variáveis em estudo: sexo, escolaridade dos pais, renda familiar bruta, número de cômodos da casa e número de pessoas que habitavam o domicílio. O exame físico envolveu as medidas de peso, estatura e cálculo do índice de massa corporal (IMC) para a classificação das crianças em magreza severa, magreza, eutrofia, sobrepeso e obesidade (OMS, 2007). Os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva, testes Quiquadrado, Kruskal-Wallis e correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Foram observados índices de excesso de peso e obesidade de 26,7% e 10,8% aos cinco anos, e 21,8% e 8,9% aos 12 anos, respectivamente. Os índices observados no grupo de cinco anos foram inferiores, enquanto os observados no grupo de 12 anos foram superiores aos índices nacionais. No grupo de cinco anos, o número de cômodos dos lares de crianças com obesidade foi significativamente maior que o de crianças que apresentavam eutrofia (p=0,016); já no grupo de 12 anos, o IMC correlacionou-se positivamente com a escolaridade materna (r=0,163; p=0,040). Conclusão: Os fatores socioeconômicos relacionaram-se com a presença de excesso de peso em escolares do município de Carapicuíba (SP, Brasil), devendo esta condição ser avaliada e abordada por meio de políticas e estratégias públicas de saúde em suas múltiplas dimensões. (AU)
Objective: To evaluate the relationship between socioeconomic factors and overweight in children attending public schools in Carapicuíba, SP, Brazil. Material and Methods:The sample comprised 355 children (176 subjects 5years old, and 179 subjects 12years old), and the following variables were evaluated: sex, parental education, family income, number of rooms inthe household, and the number of people living in the household. Physical examination involved measurements of weight, height, and determination of the body mass index (BMI) to classify children into groups: severe underweight, underweight, normalweight, overweight and obesity. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlation tests. Results:A prevalence of overweight and obesity of 26.7% and 10.8% in 5-year-old children, and 21.8% and 8.9% in 12-year-old children, respectively, was observed. The prevalence rates observed in 5-year-old children were lower than those of national surveys, whilethe rates observed among 12-year oldswerehigher. In the group of 5-year olds, the number of householdrooms of children with obesity was significantly higher than that of normalweight (p=0.016) subjects. In the group of 12-year olds, BMI was positively correlated with maternal education (r=0.163, p=0.040).Conclusion: It is therefore concluded that socioeconomic factors were related with overweight and obesity in schoolchildren from Carapicuíba, SP, Brazil. This condition should be evaluated and addressed through public health policies and strategies in its multiple dimensions. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Pediatric Obesity , Child , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
Angiogenesis is the process through which new capillaries form from pre-existing capillaries and venules. Its occurrence depends on the migration of vascular endothelial cells which is inhibited by high levels of cAMP. Such levels can be regulated by the degradation caused by the phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Therefore, by inhibiting the action of PDEs it is assumed that angiogenesis can be inhibited with the prevention of migration of these cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect PDE inhibitors on angiogenesis in mice by using nonspecific inhibitors (aminophylline) and selective inhibitors of PDE4 (roflumilast) and PDE5 (sildenafil). BALB/c mice were used as a model; under anesthesia, the mice had a sponge of 0.5 x 0.5 cm introduced into their dorsal subcutaneous tissue; they were then divided into 4 groups and daily gavage treated: 1) control group (n=13) – treated with 0.3 mL of saline solution; 2) aminophylline group (n=16) – 50 mg/kg; 3) roflumilast group (n=14) – 5mg/kg; 3) sildenafil group (n=12) –100 mg/kg. After 7 days, with the animals anesthetized, a blood sample was drawn for hemoglobin (Hb) measurement, the sponge implant was removed, and its content was obtained in 2 mL of saline solution for hemoglobin measurement. Absorbance levels (A), the amount of Hb from the sponge (S) and the total blood Hb concentration levels from each mouse were evaluated. According to the results obtained, we concluded that aminophylline, roflumilast and sildenafil (phosphodiesterase inhibitors) did not cause any alteration in the angiogenesis evaluated by the sponge-implantation method.